A Research Study On Breast Cancer - 2138 Words

Introduction Breast Cancer accounts for more than 20 percent of cancer in women, and is the primary cause of cancer death among women globally.1 Despite extensive scientific research on the disease, the outlook on a cure arguably remains poor. While some breast cancer survivors and women at high risk remain hopeful that soy intake will reduce the risk or even cure cancer, the recommendations are conflicting. For decades, the relationship between soy foods, supplements, phytoestrogen intake and cancer has prompted considerable debate for scientists and clinicians. Patients with breast cancer are frequently advised to avoid soy foods.2 And, the American Cancer Society recommends â€Å"breast cancer survivors consume only moderate amounts of†¦show more content†¦9,10 (See Table 1.1) Table 1.1: Isoflavones (mg) in Soy Foods Food #mg 60 g textured vegetable (soy) protein 45 mg  ½ cup miso 59 mg  ½ cup soybeans, boiled 47 mg 3 oz tempeh 37 mg 1 cup soy milk 30 mg 3 oz tofu 20 mg Source: USDA Nutrient Data Laboratory There are many proposed mechanisms that attempt to explain how the phytochemicals in soybeans exhibit anti-carcinogenic activity. We do know that genistein affects microRNA expression – targeted translation inhibitors for multiple proteins implicated in the regulation of various pathobiological processes in cancer.11 Lignans include matairesinol and secoisolariciresinol, which are transformed by intestinal bacteria into estrogenic compounds. Lignans are found in flax seeds, whole-wheat flour, tea, some fruits and other cereal grains.4 They are found in the woody portions of fruits and vegetable, in seed coats and in grain bran of fiber-rich cereals.5 Phytoestrogens are ingested in their natural beta- glycosidic forms. The beta glycosidic forms are hydrolyzed to their aglycones in the intestine, absorbed, and then linked in the intestinal wall and live with glucuronic acid to make them more water-soluble.12,13 These metabolites of isoflavones preodominate in blood and urine.4 Isoflavones are excreted from the body within 24 hours after ingestion. On theShow MoreRelatedA Research Study On Breast Cancer1308 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Breast Cancer is on the fore-front of modern tumor research and scientists are continually seeking for new ways to treat and prevent cancer progression. Current treatments by hormone-dependent drugs like Tamoxifen and Raloxifene focus on estrogen receptor inhibition in mammary and endometrial cell lines. This group of drugs are known as selective-estrogen receptor modulators or SERMS, which are effective in estrogen-receptor positive (ER+) and hormone-estrogen receptor 2 positiveRead MoreA Research Study On Breast Cancer981 Words   |  4 PagesIn this case study we have Sarah a forty-two-year-old woman who has breast cancer which has metastasized to her lungs. Despite having had multiple tumors removed the cancer has returned. Sarah’s oncologist, Greg, recommends that she take part in a double blind experimental drug trial in an effort to slow the occurrence of more tumors. Greg explains that the risks of the drug are not entirely known; the drug won’t cure her c ancer but may slow its progression, it may leave her extremely fatiguedRead MoreA Research Study On Breast Cancer1702 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of high mortality and morbidity in women population worldwide. Up to date, no effective breast cancer treatment has been developed and this has motivated academic scientists for the quest for alternative drugs and the discovery of drug targets. Increasing evidence suggests that carotenoids, which are micronutrients in fruit and vegetables, reduce breast cancer risk [1]. Previous findings suggest a protective role of ÃŽ ±-carotene, ÃŽ ²-carotene,Read MoreBreat Cancer Screening Essay1514 Words   |  7 PagesBREAST CANCER SCREENING DR. DANA MORTEZ ARLECIA PURVIS JULY 17, 2011 Current research shows mammograms are stronger than in the past. In a recent study it has confirmed that mammograms benefit for women in their forties and fifties. Women feel confident about the benefits that are associated with a regular mammograms for finding cancer early. However, mammograms can have their limitations. A mammogram will miss some cancers, and it sometimes can leadRead MoreA Short Note On Soy Products Good Or Bad For Cancer?1100 Words   |  5 PagesPeBenito 12/5/14 Bio 100 Section-09 Lynne Dowdy Soy Products Good or Bad for Cancer? Cancer is a disease that has been an ongoing controversy on what can help to prevent getting it. Cancer is when cells are dividing at an uncontrollable rate. Cancer is developed when cancer cells go into lymph nodes and also when they take over the blood vessels, lymph nodes are when there is swelling the the lymphatic system. With the cancer there is swelling which is called a tumor. Tumor is when there is swellingRead MoreThe Issue Of Breast Cancer830 Words   |  4 PagesThe issue of breast cancer affecting many individuals is a growing one. At the present time period it is now found that one in every eight women will be told they have breast cancer (â€Å"National Breast Cancer Foundation†, 2012). Therefore there is a significant amount of research going into this area. In addition, to the large amount of women and smaller amount of men who will be potentially diagnosed with breast cancer has become a global burden because those with metastatic cancer will eventuallyRea d MoreThe Survival Rates Of Breast Cancer1373 Words   |  6 Pages Breast Cancer is the most common misfortune in women and second leading cause of death by cancer. Today, woman with breast cancer have a 90% chance of surviving for five years post-diagnosis. However, African American women have a national survival rate of 79%. Socioeconomic barriers and lack of access to health services have crippled African American women in breast cancer advancements. Studies have show that African American women tend to be diagnosed with a higher-stage of cancer because ofRead MoreThe Importance Of Breast Cancer Treatment934 Words   |  4 PagesBreast cancer treatment depends on many factors such as the location of the cancer, the size, if it’s spread and the patient’s general health. Also, treatment currently includes surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hormonal therapy and targeted cancer drugs (Cancer Research UK, 2017a). Further, surgery includes lumpectomy which removes just the cancerous area in an attempt to keep the majority of the breas t tissue and has a much shorter recovery time and mastectomy which removes the entirety of theRead MoreA Brief Note On The North Fork Of Long Island1726 Words   |  7 Pagesweeds, these commodities would be much harder to come by. Chemicals such as PCB’s, PHA’s, and the now banned DDT were all once used on these fertile farmlands of Long Island and since then may be a direct factor to the rise in cancer rates on Long Island, especially breast cancer. In the agricultural industry, one of the most common ways to treat crops is by a fogging method. With this method, a large factor goes through the crops with tanks of whatever chemical pesticide or fungicide they may be usingRead MoreBreast Cancer : A Common Malignancy1204 Words   |  5 PagesBreast cancer is the most common malignancy in the UK, accounting for 15% of all diagnosed cancers, affecting around 50,000 women and 350 men, leading to just under 12,000 deaths in 11/12.1,2 The risk of getting breast cancer is linked to increased age, gender genetics (BRCA 1 BRCA 2 gene mutations). Lifestyle factors that also increase the incidence of breast cancer (around 27% each year) are; Oestrogen exposure, being overweight/obese, high alcohol intake, tobacco smoke, oral contraceptives

Bullying Is A Matter Of Right - 1928 Words

Bullying today is a matter of right an wrong and students need to have the rules enforced in their homes as well as on school grounds and know how to stand up for others when they see a problem arising. They need to feel comfortable to have adults at their schools that they can go to and tell about a situation and be confident that they can help students find a solution. Children in schools everywhere are in serious risk of bullying and it can have long-lasting effects on the students and even those around them. Bullying is taking place not only on school grounds faceto-face, but with all the new technology in the world today, bullying off-campus is becoming an increasingly larger issue with no concrete solution for help. In order to make a clear decision for any dilemma you have to be willing to look at all the angles. Bulling is a big issue today, and with all the technology and social media that are now available, bulling has gone to a whole new level. It is very common for youths today to be bullied and while at home online, from someone hiding behind the safety of a screen. People find it easier to express whatever hurtful things they want to say when they aren t face to face with their victim. This is a pressing issue and something that needs to be discussed among parents, school officials, and the law enforcement agency in order to make a change because students’ lives are at stake. School officials are not currently but Arledge 2 should be allowed to get involvedShow MoreRelated Bullying Essay example657 Words   |  3 Pagesbullied then you should know how bullying feels like. Bullying is very negative and creates major problems for our society. Nothing good comes out of bullying. It could very well change or ruin a person’s life. In fact, it does ruin many people’s lives. Kids can be mentally scarred if they are teased often. Even worse, they could be killed or fatally injured if the bullying gets extreme. There are many causes for bullying which must be taken care of before bullying can be stopped. T.V. violenceRead MoreWhy Bullying Is Bad Or Bad?1391 Words   |  6 Pageslike having the power that bullying has on others. Not only does bullying affect many throughout the world, but there is many different types of bullying that affect many people. There are commonly four different types of bullying. These include physical bullying, in which is when one hits, punches, kicks, or pinches another person. Also there is verbal bullying, that is when any type of rude remark is made upon another. Another type of bullying is social bullying, in which it results to one tryingRead MoreBullying . In Life There Is No Perfect Picture For A Non-Violent1379 Words   |  6 Pages Bullying In life there is no perfect picture for a non-violent world, but then we turn to school, work forces and sadly enough, we as a community reach the point of having to find ways to prevent bullying. Bullying as we see is as a whole can create a foundation that certain people don’t want to particularly be involved with, such as school environments, workforces or even a neighborhood. This is a worldwide incident that is going on and people are getting hurt emotionally, physically and evenRead MoreBullying Persuasive Essay718 Words   |  3 Pagescommunities filled with individuals who are being affected by bullying from a range of young children to adults. According to the internet, bullying is the use of superior strength or influence to intimidate (someone), typically to force him or her to do what one wants. Therefore, bullying can affect everyone for those who are affected by the bullying, those who cause the bullying, and those who witness the bullying. In other words, bully ing can have a crucial influence on mental health and in extremeRead MoreBullying : A Land Of The Free1160 Words   |  5 Pagesthe beginning of time, the strong preying on the weak has always been present. When pertaining to humans, this action/instinct is called, â€Å"Bullying.† Bullying takes many forms including face to face (physical and verbal harassment), written forms (mails/letters), and currently, the most widespread form of bullying apparent in students is cyberbullying (bullying with the use of electronics such as social media, texting/messages, and etc). As the Supreme Court ruled, students have limitations on theirRead MoreAnalysis Of S. E. Hintons That Was Then This Is Now1309 Words   |  6 PagesMorgan Hillenbrand October 25 Period 5 46 Year Old Coin The difference of bullying and being a bully, isn t as simple as it appears to be. S.E. Hinton’s second novel titled, That was Then this is Now is a mature disciplined novel sharing the â€Å"Voice of the Youth† according to the New York Times and other raving reviews. The story follows Bryon and his friend Mark whom are â€Å"as close as brothers.† Things change in the two characters lives, Bryon is growing up and spending a lot of time with girlsRead MoreCyberbullying Is A Common Than Traditional Bullying Essay1374 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is Bullying? â€Å"Bullying is unwanted, aggressive behavior among school aged children that involves a real or perceived power imbalance† (Stopbullying.gov). Bullying can include making threats to someone to scare them, spreading false rumors about someone, attacking someone physically or verbally, and excluding someone from a group on purpose. The bullies, the ones who are bullied, and the bystanders are all victim s, specifically teenagers. Females are more vulnerable to bullies because they areRead MoreCauses And Effects Of Bullying1297 Words   |  6 PagesEffects of Bullying Bullying is a big issue that spreads through the world. It can happen to anyone of all ages, and in numerous ways. Bullying is unwanted, aggressive behavior among people that involves a real or perceived power imbalance that either repeats or has the potential to repeat, overtime (Bullying Definition). There are so many factors that tie into bullying such as, why the bully is actually bullying, why the bully chose that victim, or even the effects that occur while the bullying is takingRead MoreBullying Essay631 Words   |  3 PagesEssay BULLYING IS TAKING OUR CHILDREN LIVES Have you ever bullied or been bullied? Bullying behavior can occur for many reasons, some of which are TV violence, families in poverty, mis-teachings, lack of parent’s attention and also kids under bad influence. Teens often begin bullying because they want to control those who are weaker than they are. Bullying gives you people an identity, they become well known in school, they want to be popular no matter what is the reason for. Bullying makes themRead MoreTeenage Parents And Rape : Adolescence Friendship And Bullying956 Words   |  4 PagesTeen Live-streamed Her Friends’ Rape: Adolescence Friendship and Bullying Even though people may think that teens are still children, but they are much maturer than we might imagine and can do things that people may never expect them to do. In a recent Broadly report (Kazdin, 2016), I read that on February 27, 2016, Marina Lonina, who was 18 at that time, live streamed her friend being raped by a 29-years-old man on Periscope app. She didn’t call the police and she claimed that she was doing it to

Importance of Personality Development and Influencing Factors Free Essays

An individual’s ‘personality’ is their unique and relatively stable patterns of behaviour, thoughts and feelings. The key word is ‘relatively’. It implies that there is scope for change, that one’s personality is not necessarily constant. We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of Personality Development and Influencing Factors or any similar topic only for you Order Now The influence of various aspects of our environment may affect our inherent behavioural traits, and can modify our personality. Personality development, therefore, is to allow new ideas to influence our personality, and to allow introspection to bring to the forefront latent qualities, effecting a change for the better. There are four aspects to an individual’s personality: body, mind, heart and soul. Several factors contribute to one’s personality, to the development of one’s personality. These are all integral to the above mentioned aspects. The recognition, and consequently, the maintenance and progress of these factors – whether physiological or psychological, whether internal or external – is essential for ‘personality development’. Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmities. Fitness is a measure of the body’s ability to complete activities necessary for everyday life effectively and efficiently. The basic difference between the two is that health is a definite requisite for one’s life, while fitness is only a measure. Both terms are relative, but health is more of a necessity than fitness, especially for developing one’s personality. An important aspect of our personality is our intelligence. It is important to note that intelligence is not restricted just to the scholarly; it encompasses the various sides to one’s personality – linguistic, logical, kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist, and spiritual, to name a few. And improvement is required in all these spheres for an overall development of one’s personality. Our ‘social skills’ or interpersonal relationships, our ability to establish, nurture and fulfill relationships with others around us – family or friends, plays a pivotal role in our lives. This ability, too, needs to be developed. Our Emotional Intelligence Quotient (EQ) – the ability to perceive, use, understand and manage emotions within ourselves and in others, is very important. Emotions are our responses to events around us, and are created by the combination of our thoughts, feelings, and actions. What is most important is that we create our own emotions. Our responses are shaped by our thoughts – by what we tell ourselves. As we clarify our understanding of our own beliefs and patterns, we learn that we are actually choosing our own lives. Feelings are the internal expression of the emotion and can be differentiated from body sensations and states: â€Å"feeling depressed. † The emotion ‘behind’ the feeling of depression: sadness or anger. Emotion, therefore, includes the situation, the interpretation or perception of the situation and the response or feeling related to the perception of the situation. Our speaking and listening skills are another important element. Speaking, or conveying our thoughts and emotions, and listening, or paying enough attention to what someone else has to say, both are essential for developing and maintaining relationships. Communication is a two-way process, and we need to be able to eloquently and adequately put across our thoughts to others, as well as be able to listen (hear, understand and judge) to the ideas of others. We express ourselves non-verbally too – through our postures and body language. This is also an important tool for communication. Our body language not only gives away our emotions sometimes, it also allows people to guess whether we are confident when we are speaking, whether we are actually listening to the other person, and so on. Our relationship skills are also influenced by our prejudices – opinions or judgements, frequently unfavourable, based on irrelevant considerations, inadequate knowledge or inaccurate stereotyping, and the consequent discriminations we make. People have prejudices for diverse reasons and these biases affect many spheres of their lives; they are negative manifestations of integrative power: instead of bringing or holding people together, they push them apart. Ironically, even prejudice and discrimination imply some sort of relationship, however. If there is no relationship people would be completely unaware of another person’s or group’s existence. The act of discrimination is an unjust practice or behaviour, whether intentional or not, towards a category of persons. These categories range from sex, ethnicity, nationality, religion, language, to class, and more recently, age and physical disabilities. Prejudices and discriminations are deeply imbedded at both the individual and societal levels, and will eventually result in the dissolving of society. The next important aspect that needs to be attended to is our academic and career requirements. We should adopt some basic â€Å"study skills† to successfully remember what we learn from an adequate period of time. The following is an example: P – Preview: get the overall picture of what is to be studied before doing it in any detail. Q – Question: ask questions while reading or studying; answering them will help to make sense of the material and to remember it more easily because the process will make an impression. R – Read and Review: read actively; to be able to answer questions you have asked yourself or questions the instructor has asked. A review is a survey of what you have covered, of what you are supposed to accomplish. S – Self Evaluation: testing yourself to see how much you have accomplished. T – Time Management: Time is the most valuable resource a student has. A good schedule keeps you from wandering off course. A good schedule, if properly managed, assigns time where time is needed. Certain methods and strategies can be adopted for more effective studying and more adequate preparation for examinations: making schedules first and sticking to them; reading and getting the main idea, extracting the important details and taking (or making) notes, reviewing and revising the actual substance, as well as the notes. After the more ‘material’ aspects comes, what some claim is, the ultimate intelligence. Spiritual intelligence is about the growth of a human being. It is about pondering over life’s purpose. Just being in touch with that question is fulfilling. About having a direction in life and being able to heal ourselves of all the resentment we carry. It is thinking of ourselves as an expression of a higher reality. Finally there is the realization that there is an immensity within us. As we move along the path, deeper levels within us get unfolded, leading to fulfillment. Ultimately, we discover freedom from our sense of limitation as human beings and attain ‘moksha’. Indeed, this is a highly idealized perception of spiritual intelligence or spirituality; most humans are essentially spiritual beings asking such fundamental questions as â€Å"Who am I? , â€Å"Where am I going? â€Å", â€Å"What do others mean to me? â€Å", but spiritual intelligence itself is extremely relative. It can, perhaps, more simply be defined as the realization of one’s purpose in life and the achievement of the same, the feeling of being in control, of being aware of oneself and one’s environment. Life’s purposes are varied for different individuals, and it requires inspiration to be able to recognize them, and moreover, to live by them. We need to: Listen to our inner voice. It takes practice to hear our true desires. The passion will come as a whisper or serendipitous event hat reminds us of what is important and what makes us happy. Dwell in possibilities. Our passions could lead us in a lot of different directions to find fulfillment. We have to explore our lives and unearth all the things that bring us joy. Decide what kind of person we want to be. Rather than concentrating on what we want to do, we should think in terms of what kind of person we want to be, and let that guide our choices. The ultimate attainment of fulfillment will come naturally, in time, with the gradual awakening of our spiritual senses, like the well-deserved rest at the end of the day. How to cite Importance of Personality Development and Influencing Factors, Papers

African American Slavery Essay Example For Students

African American Slavery Essay Slavery in America stems well back to when the New World was first discovered and was led by the country to start the African Slave Trade- Portugal. The African Slave Trade was first exploited for use on plantations in what is now called the Caribbean, and eventually reached the southern coasts of America. The African natives were of all ages and sexes. Women usually worked in the homes, cooking and cleaning, whereas men were sent out into the plantations to farm. Young girls would usually help in the house also and young boys would help in the farm by bailing hay and loading wagons with crops. Since trying to capture the native Indians, the Arawaks and Caribs, failed (Small Pox had killed them instead), the Europeans said out to capture African slaves. During what was called, The Triangular Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, the Europeans shipped the slaves from Africa. This was an organized route where Europeans would travel to Africa bringing manufactured goods, capture Africans and take them to the Caribbean, and then take the crops and goods and bring them back to Europe. The African people, in order to communicate invented a language that was a mixture of all the African languages combined, called Creole. This language now varies from island to island. They also kept their culture, which accounts for calypso music and the instruments used in these songs. Slavery was common all over the world until 1794 when France signed the Act of the National Convention abolishing slavery. It would take America about a hundred years to do the same. George Washington was Americas hero. He was Americas first president. He was a slave owner. He deplored slavery but did not release his slaves. His will stated that they would be released after the death of his wife (The Volume Library, 1988). Washington wasnt the only president to have slaves. Thomas Jefferson wrote, All men are created equal but died leaving his blacks in slavery. In 1775 black Americans were sent to fight in the revolutionary army. The British proposed that if a black man were to join their army, they would be set free afterwards. America originally planned not to let the blacks fight in the army, but when hearing this, let them enlist. Only Georgia and South Carolina refused to let them enlist, but paid for their racism when each lost 25,000 blacks to the British. The slaves returned on a honorable discharge after securing Americas freedom, but were not able to return to their own freedom (Software Toolworks Encyclopedia; 1992). Slavery continued and so did the numbers of slaves trying to escape to the free states or into Canada. A runaway slave would be found by bloodhounds, which were trained, at the time, to find black slaves. Then, the slave, upon returning, would be executed or severely whipped. The Underground Railroad was a project that helped black slaves escape into Canada, especially Amherstburg. The system involved 3,000 white helpers and freed an estimated 75,000 people after the civil war. Slavery in the middle of the 1800s was abolished except for the rebellion states in the south. In 1863, the Emancipation Proclamation was issued which made slavery illegal in the states that had rebelled and allowed black slaves to serve in the army and get other jobs, or continue to work on the plantations, as employees making money. The nightmare of slavery was over but a new one was to begin. One that was worse for it was prevalent but was secret and silent. One that still exists today. One that does not shrink but rather grows and prospers in a place that claims to be totally against the mistreatment of minorities. Racism was then and still is upon us in every major part of our day-to-day ideology. .u7e54b191bd360dfe2e6c5b05c9fdeb66 , .u7e54b191bd360dfe2e6c5b05c9fdeb66 .postImageUrl , .u7e54b191bd360dfe2e6c5b05c9fdeb66 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7e54b191bd360dfe2e6c5b05c9fdeb66 , .u7e54b191bd360dfe2e6c5b05c9fdeb66:hover , .u7e54b191bd360dfe2e6c5b05c9fdeb66:visited , .u7e54b191bd360dfe2e6c5b05c9fdeb66:active { border:0!important; } .u7e54b191bd360dfe2e6c5b05c9fdeb66 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7e54b191bd360dfe2e6c5b05c9fdeb66 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7e54b191bd360dfe2e6c5b05c9fdeb66:active , .u7e54b191bd360dfe2e6c5b05c9fdeb66:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7e54b191bd360dfe2e6c5b05c9fdeb66 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7e54b191bd360dfe2e6c5b05c9fdeb66 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7e54b191bd360dfe2e6c5b05c9fdeb66 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7e54b191bd360dfe2e6c5b05c9fdeb66 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7e54b191bd360dfe2e6c5b05c9fdeb66:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7e54b191bd360dfe2e6c5b05c9fdeb66 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7e54b191bd360dfe2e6c5b05c9fdeb66 .u7e54b191bd360dfe2e6c5b05c9fdeb66-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7e54b191bd360dfe2e6c5b05c9fdeb66:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: 5 pillars of Islam EssayMartin Luther King once said, I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. Ku Klux Klan. Neo Nazis. The Aryan Nations. The American Nazi Party. What are these groups? Why are they present in a land of supposed equality of all men? They are there because there